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<h1 id="cmpt-225---16---hash-tables">CMPT 225 - 16 - Hash Tables</h1>
<h2 id="bit-vector-review">Bit Vector Review</h2>
<ul>
<li>Suppose we want to store a set <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>o</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S\subseteq [o,d]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⊆</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span> for some <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>d</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">d\in \N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathbb">N</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>A bit vector representation of S is a Boolean array B: of size d+1 s.t. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mtext>  </mtext><mo>⟺</mo><mtext>  </mtext><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B[i] \iff i\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟺</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69862em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>, or <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>o</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mtext> is true </mtext><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S=\lbrace o\leq i \leq d : B[i] \text{ is true } \rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.79549em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> is true </span></span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span>. E.g., d=20,s={3,7,9}, b=
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Operations member(x), insert(x), remove(x) are all O(1).</li>
<li>Only parctical where d is small</li>
<li>Space inefficient if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lvert S\rvert &lt;&lt; d</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>Copy, Union, Intersection all <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Theta(0)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Θ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hash-functions">Hash Functions</h2>
<ul>
<li>A hash function for a set D is a function <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>M</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h:D\rightarrow M</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span> where <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lvert M\rvert &lt;\lvert D\rvert</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mclose">∣</span></span></span></span>, i.e. a map to a smaller set.
<ul>
<li>E.g., <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>:</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mtext>MAXINT</mtext><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>→</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>12</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h:[0,\text{MAXINT}]\rightarrow [0,12], h(x) = x\mod 13</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">MAXINT</span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">12</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span></span></span></span> (<span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2147485647</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lvert M \rvert = 13, \lvert D\rvert =2147485647</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mclose">∣</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span c
</ul>
</li>
<li>There will be values <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>D</mi><mtext> s.t. </mtext><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x,y\in D \text{ s.t. } x\neq y</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335400000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> s.t. </span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span> but <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=h(y)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>Notation: Define <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mtext> and </mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(s)=\lbrace y:y=f(x) \text{ and } x\in S\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> and </span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span>
<ul>
<li>E.g., <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>7</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>15</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>20</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>7</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>3</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>15</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>20</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(3)=3; h(7)=7; h(13)=0; h(15)=2; h(20)=7; h(\lbrace 3,7,13,15,20\rbrace ) = \lbrace 0,2,3,7 \rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">15</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">20</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></s
</ul>
</li>
<li>If <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=h(y)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x,y\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335400000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>, we call it a collision (e.g. 3, 15)</li>
<li>We will want hash functions h s.t.
<ul>
<li>ran h = [0,m-1] for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m\in\N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathbb">N</span></span></span></span> (array indecies)</li>
<li>h tends to distribute S uniformly over [0,m-1]</li>
<li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">m=\lvert M\rvert</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mclose">∣</span></span></span></span> will be prime</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hash-functions--bit-vector">Hash Functions + Bit Vector</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>→</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h:D\rightarrow [0,m-1]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span>, B a boolean array of size m.</li>
<li>For a set <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S\subseteq D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⊆</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span></span></span></span>, set
<ul>
<li><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mtext>true</mtext><mtext>  </mtext><mo>⟺</mo><mtext>  </mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">B[i]=\text{true} \iff</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.63908em;vertical-align:-0.024em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">true</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟺</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span></span></span> there is <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x\in D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span></span></span></span> s.t. <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>or <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lbrace i: B[i]\rbrace = h(S)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">]}</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>E.g., <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">S={3,7,13,15,20}</code>
<ul>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="1em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x) = x\mod 13; m=13</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:1em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>3</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(S) = \lbrace 0,2,3,7\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li>B =
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>now:
<ul>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{x:B[h(x)]} = {0,2,3,7,13,15,19,25,27,31,...}</code></li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">B[h(x)] = 1</code> “suggests <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>”</li>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">B[h(x)] = 0</code> “implies <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo mathvariant="normal">∉</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x\notin S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel">∈</span></span><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="llap"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.05555555555555555em;"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>”</li>
<li>e.s. there may be false positives but never false negatives</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="bloom-filters">Bloom Filters</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>…</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>k</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">H=\lbrace h_1, h_2, \dots h_k\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">…</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span> be a set of distinct hash functions for a set D, each with range [0,m-1].</li>
<li>For <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S\subseteq D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⊆</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span></span></span></span>, set: (see next MathML block)</li>
</ul>
<p><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo fence="true">{</mo><mtable rowspacing="0.3599999999999999em" columnalign="left left" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext>true</mtext></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mrow><mtext>if </mtext><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>i</mi><mtext> for some </mtext><mi>h</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow></mstyle></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext>false</mtext></mstyle></mtd><mtd><mstyle scriptlevel="0" displaystyle="false"><mtext>o.w.</mtext></mstyle></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">
B[i] = \begin{cases}
\text{true} &amp; \text{if } h(x)=i \text{ for some } h\in H\\
\text{false} &amp; \text{o.w.}
\end{cases}
</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:3.0000299999999998em;vertical-align:-1.25003em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top:0em;"><span class="delimsizing size4">{</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em;"><span style="top:-3.69em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">true</span></span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">false</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width:1em;"></span><span class="col-align-l"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.69em;"><span style="top:-3.69em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">if </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathdefault">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault">i</span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"> for some </span></span><span class="mord mathdefault">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span><span style="top:-2.25em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.008em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">o.w.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.19em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>To test for membership in S:
<ul>
<li>if B[h(x)]=true for <em>all</em> <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h\in H</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span>, return true</li>
<li>o.w. return false</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>We get a false positive only when h(x) is a collision of <em>every</em> <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h\in H</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span>.</li>
<li>B is a Bloom Filter for S</li>
<li>If m is large enough relative to <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>S</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lvert S\rvert</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mclose">∣</span></span></span></span> and the <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.84444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> are good enough quality, independent hash functions, then there will be few false positives.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hash-tables">Hash Tables</h2>
<p>(Transcriber’s note: the <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∪</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\cup</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.55556em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">∪</span></span></span></span> symbol is the symbol for union.)</p>
<ul>
<li>Let <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>M</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h:D\rightarrow M</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span></span></span></span> be a hash function for D with M=[0,m-1]</li>
<li>Let A be an array of size <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">∣</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lvert M\rvert</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">∣</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mclose">∣</span></span></span></span> and type <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>∪</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mo>⋯</mo><mtext> </mtext><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D \cup \lbrace \cdots \rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">∪</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span>.
<ul>
<li>e.g., <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>M</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>∪</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mo>⋯</mo><mtext> </mtext><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A:M\rightarrow D\cup\lbrace\cdots\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">M</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">∪</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For a set <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mi>D</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S\subseteq D</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8193em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⊆</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span></span></span></span>, we want:
<ul>
<li>A[h(x)]=x, for each <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>A[i] = _ if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)\neq i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span> for every <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>.</li>
<li>E.g.: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">S={2,12,17,21}</code>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=x\mod 13</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span></span></span></span>, and
<ul>
<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">h(s)={2,12,4,8}</code></li>
<li>A=:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>17</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>21</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To check membership in S, return A[h(x)].</li>
<li>A is a <em>hash table for S</em></li>
<li>But what if we have collisions?</li>
<li>Need collision handling. We will look at a few methods.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hashing-with-separate-checking">Hashing with Separate Checking</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let H be a size M array of linked lists</li>
<li>Set A[i] to be a list of the elements <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>o</mi><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lbrace x\in S : h(x)=o\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>To test for membership in S:
<ul>
<li>Return true iff x is in the list A[h(x)]</li>
<li>E.g., <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>7</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>15</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>20</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S=\lbrace 1,5,7,13,15,20\rbrace; h(x)=x\mod 13</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">15</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">20</span><span class="mclose">}</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>A = (see below; “-&gt;” indicates a linked list connection)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul id="lists_of_lists">
<li>A[0]
<ul>
<li>0</li>
</ul></li>
<li>A[1]
<ul>
<li>1</li>
</ul></li>
<li>A[2]</li>
<li>A[3]</li>
<li>A[4]
<ul>
<li>5 -&gt; 12</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A[5]
<ul>
<li>20 -&gt; 7</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A[6]</li>
<li>A[7]</li>
<li>A[8]</li>
<li>A[9]</li>
<li>A[10]</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>To insert/remove x: insert/remove from A[h(x)].</li>
<li>If h distributes S almost uniformly over M, the lists will be small, and time will be essentially O(1).</li>
<li>In the worst case, some lists have length <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega(n)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> and performance degrades to that of linked lists, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Omega(n)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Ω</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hashing-with-probing-open-addressing">Hashing with Probing (Open Addressing)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let A be an array of size M and type <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>∪</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mo>⋯</mo><mtext> </mtext><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">D\cup \lbrace\cdots\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">∪</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="minner">⋯</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span>, f a hash function <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo>:</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>→</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h:D\rightarrow [0,m-1]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">D</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>Let f be a function <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi><mo>→</mo><mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f:\N\rightarrow\N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathbb">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68889em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathbb">N</span></span></span></span>, that has f(0)=0 and is monotone increasing (e.g., <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>y</mi><mtext>  </mtext><mo>⟹</mo><mtext>  </mtext><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x&gt;y\implies f(x)&gt;f(y)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7194400000000001em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">⟹</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>)</li>
<li>Define, for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>N</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i\in N</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69862em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">N</span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_{i}(x) = (h(x)+f(i))\mod m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">))</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span>; E.g.:
<ul>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="1em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=x\mod 13, f(i)=i</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:1em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_{0}(3) = h(3)+0=3</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">3</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_{1}(3) = h(3)+1=4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_{2}(3) = h(3)+2=5</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To resolve collisions, probe the sequence of cells: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h_{0}(x)], A[h_{1}(x)], A[h_{2}(x)], \cdots</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hashing-with-probing-open-addressing-1">Hashing with Probing (Open Addressing)</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace></mspace><mspace width="1em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h_{i}(x) = (h(x)+f(i))\mod m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">))</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:1em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
<li>To check for membership of x:
<ul>
<li>Examine the sequence of locations: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h_{0}(x)], A[h_{1}(x)], A[h_{2}(x)], \cdots</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>Stop at the final location containing x or (upside down T?, not sure here???)
<ul>
<li>return true if x was found, false otherwise.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To insert x:
<ul>
<li>Examine the sequence of locations: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h_{0}(x)], A[h_{1}(x)], A[h_{2}(x)], \cdots</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>Stop at the first location containing – (? some kind of dash character? also not sure???) and store x there</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Choice of f() determines properties.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hashing-with-linear-probing">Hashing with Linear Probing</h2>
<ul>
<li>let f(i)=i</li>
<li>The sequence of locations to probe is:
<ul>
<li>A[h(x)], A[h(x)+1], A[h(x)+2], A[h(x)+3], … (+ is mod m)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ex: Suppose <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=x\mod 13</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span></span></span></span>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">S={2,9,18,36}</code> (so <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">h(S)={2,5,9,10}</code>) and A is:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>To insert 5:
<ul>
<li>compute h(5)=5</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[5]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span> (is this char an underscore? still don’t know? same weird character as last slide, dash/underscore looking thing)</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>6</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[6] = \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span>, so set A[6]=5</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now A =:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To check if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">5\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>:
<ul>
<li>compute h(5)=5</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[5]\neq \_, A[5]\neq 5</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.06em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>6</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[6]=5</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span></span></span></span> and return true</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To check if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>31</mn><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">31\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">31</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>
<ul>
<li>compute h(31)=5</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mn>31</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[5]\neq 31, A[5]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">31</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>6</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mn>31</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>6</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[6]\neq 31, A[6]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">31</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>7</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[7]= \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span> and return false</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hashing-with-quadratic-probing">Hashing with Quadratic Probing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f(i)=i^{2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li>The sequence of locations to probe is: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>9</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h(x)], A[h(x)+1], A[h(x)+4], A[h(x)+9], \cdots</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span> (+ is <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>m</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mod m</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.
<li>Ex: Suppose <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>2</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>9</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>18</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>36</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=x\mod 13, S=\lbrace 2,9,18,36\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">18</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">36</span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span> (so <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>2</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>9</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(5)=\lbrace 2,5,9,10\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span><s
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>To insert 35:
<ul>
<li>compute h(35)=9</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>9</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[9]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[10]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[0]= \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span> and store 35 there</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now A is:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>35</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To check if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>35</mn><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">35\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">35</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>
<ul>
<li>compute h(35)=9</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>9</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>9</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mn>35</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[9]\neq \_, A[9]\neq 35</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.06em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">35</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mn>35</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[10]\neq \_, A[10]\neq 35</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.06em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">35</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>35</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[0] = 35</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">35</span></span></span></span> and return true</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To check if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>22</mn><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">22\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">22</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>:
<ul>
<li>compute h(22)=9</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>9</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[9],A[10],A[0],A[5]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span> are not 22 or _.</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>12</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[12]=\_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">12</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span> and return true</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="double-hashing">Double Hashing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Let <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>⋅</mo><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f(i)=i\cdot \text{hash}_{2}(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.65952em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>, where <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{hash}_{2}(x)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> is a hash function for D that is different from h, and with <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>ran</mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>⊆</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>1</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{ran}(\text{hash}_{2})\subseteq [1,m]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">ran</span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><sp
<li>The sequence of locations to probe is: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>⋅</mo><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h(x)], A[h(x)+\text{hash}_{2}(x)], A[h(x)+2\cdot\text{hash}_{2}(x)], \cdots</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="h
<li>Ex: Suppose <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>−</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>7</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=x\mod 13, \text{hash}_{2}(x) = (7-(x\mod 7))</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">7</span><span class="mclose">))</span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><s
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>To insert 15:
<ul>
<li>compute h(x)=2</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[2]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>compute <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{hash}_{2}(x) = 6</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">6</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>8</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[8]=\_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">8</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span> <!--_--> and store it there</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now A is:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>15</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>To check if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>15</mn><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">15\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">15</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>, check A[2], then A[8], and return true</li>
<li>To check if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>10</mn><mo>∈</mo><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">10\in S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∈</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span>:
<ul>
<li>compute h(10)=10</li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mn>10</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo mathvariant="normal">≠</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[10]\neq 10, A[10]\neq \_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>compute <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>hash</mtext><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>10</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{hash}_{2}(10) = 4</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">hash</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">10</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">4</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>see that <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[1]=\_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span> and return false. <!--_--></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="removal-with-open-addressing">Removal with Open Addressing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Suppose we have a hash table H for a set S containing x, and want to remove x.</li>
<li>If H uses separate chaining, we just double x</li>
<li>If H uses open addressing, we cannot, because x affects the probe sequence for other elements</li>
<li>Ex: Suppose <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>x</mi><mspace></mspace><mspace width="0.6666666666666666em"/><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mn>13</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mn>2</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>9</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>18</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>36</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">h(x)=x\mod 13, S=\lbrace 2,5,9,18,36\rbrace</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace allowbreak"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.6666666666666666em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathrm">mod</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">13</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">{</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">9</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">18</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord">36</span><span class="mclose">}</span></span></span></span> and A was obtained as in our Linear Probing example. A:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>18</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>Suppose we now double 18, so A:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>Now, searching for 5 fails because <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>h</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">_</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h(5)]=\_</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">5</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.43056em;vertical-align:-0.31em;"></span><span class="mord" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">_</span></span></span></span>!</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>One solution is to <em>mark</em> cells where we have deleted elements.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="removal-with-open-addressing-1">Removal with Open Addressing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Ex: In the previous example to remove 18 we replace it with d; A:
<ul>
<li>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>d</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>36</td>
<td>_</td>
<td>_</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Now search &amp; insert procedures perform as if A[5] has same key that we will never use.</p>
</li>
<li>To remove x:
<ul>
<li>determine the sequence of locations: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo separator="true">,</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h_{0}(x)], A[h_{1}(x)], A[h_{2}(x)], \cdots</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="minner">⋯</span></span></span></span></li>
<li>when x is found, replace it with d</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Notice that search &amp; insert work correctly as they are</li>
<li>Insert can be modified to reclaim space:
<ul>
<li>To insert x:
<ul>
<li>Examine the sequence of prob locations</li>
<li>stop at the first one containing _ or d and store x there</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>NB: In implementation, d and _ could be special values, or A could be an array of objects or structs with “empty” and “deleted” variables/fields.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="load-factor">Load Factor</h2>
<ul>
<li>The “load factor” of a hash table H is:
<ul>
<li>
<span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext># of keys</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mtext># of elements marked d</mtext><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mi>m</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda = \frac{(\text{\# of keys}) + (\text{\# of elements marked d})}{m}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.69444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:2.113em;vertical-align:-0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.427em;"><span style="top:-2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width:0.04em;"></span></span><span style="top:-3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"># of keys</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord"># of elements marked d</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.686em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Good performance requires λ not too large.</li>
<li>For separate chaining: λ should not be much larger than 1, as average list length is about 1.</li>
<li>For open addressing, want <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0.5</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda &lt; 0.5</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">0.5</span></span></span></span>, so that it is not too hard to find a place to make an insertion.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="some-properties-with-open-addressing">Some Properties with Open Addressing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Linear Probing
<ul>
<li>Insertion always successful if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda &lt; 1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span>$</li>
<li><em>Primary Clustering</em> is a serious problem.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Quadrate Proving
<ul>
<li>Avoids primary clustering</li>
<li>Exhibits secondary clustering – but less problematic</li>
<li>Insertion always succeeds if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.5</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda \leq 0.5</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.83041em;vertical-align:-0.13597em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">≤</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">0.5</span></span></span></span>, but may fail if <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0.5</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda &gt; 0.5</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.73354em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.64444em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord">0.5</span></span></span></span> (even if there is space).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Double hashing
<ul>
<li>Recognizes design of a second suitable hash function</li>
<li>Recognized computing 2 hash functions whenever probing beyond <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>h</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[h_{0}(x)]</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)]</span></span></span></span> is needed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="rehashing">Rehashing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Rehashing hash table H means constructing a completely new hash table for the contents of H.</li>
<li>We may want to do it if:
<ul>
<li>λ is too large (close to 0.5 for open addressing, much larger than 1 for separate chaining)</li>
<li>Performance has become poor (which may result from clustering, from long linked lists, or from many removals)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Takes <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Theta(n)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Θ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span> under the assumption that insert is <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Theta(1)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">Θ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="hashing-properties">Hashing Properties</h2>
<ul>
<li>Well-designed hash tables are effective in practice, with fast insert, member, remove operations.</li>
<li>Require a good hash function for the domain of application.</li>
<li>Operations O(1) <em>on average</em>, under assumptions that may not hold in practice:
<ul>
<li>all keys equally likely</li>
<li>hash function distributes keys uniformly</li>
<li>λ is small</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Do not support operations based on order of keys, such as:
<ul>
<li>enumerate in order</li>
<li>min, max, range lookups</li>
<li>union, intersects</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>(These are efficient with AVL Trees &amp; B-Trees).</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="end">End</h2>
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