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<h1 id="cmpt-295">CMPT 295</h1>
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<ul>
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<li>Unit - Machine-Level Programming</li>
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<li>Lecture 11 – Assembly language basics: Practice and DEMO
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-> leaq and arithmetic & logical instructions and
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memory addressing modes</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="why-did-the-programmer-quit-their-job">Why did the programmer quit their job?</h2>
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<p>A never got arrays!</p>
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<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">leaq</code> - load effective address instruction</li>
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<li>Using data as operand to an instruction:
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<ul>
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<li>Immediate (constant integral value)</li>
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<li>Register (16 registers)</li>
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<li>Memory (various memory addressing modes)
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<ul>
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<li>General Syntax: <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>Imm</mtext><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>b</mi></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo separator="true">,</mo><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{Imm}(r_{b}, r_{i}, s)</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">Imm</span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.33610799999999996em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">b</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.31166399999999994em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.02778em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.16666666666666666em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Arithmetic & logical operations
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<ul>
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<li>Arithmetic instructions: add*, sub*, imul* inc*, dec*, neg*, not*</li>
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<li>Logical instructions: and*, or*, xor*</li>
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<li>Shift instructions: sal*, sar*, shr*</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="todays-menu">Today’s Menu</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Introduction
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<ul>
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<li>C program -> assembly code -> machine level code</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Assembly language basics: data, move operation
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<ul>
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<li>(selected) Memory addressing modes</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>(selected) Operation leaq and Arithmetic & logical operations (Annotation: practice and DEMO!)</li>
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<li>Conditional Statement – Condition Code + cmov*</li>
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<li>Loops</li>
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<li>Function call – Stack</li>
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<li>Array</li>
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<li>Buffer Overflow</li>
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<li>Floating-point operations</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="demo">Demo</h2>
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<ol>
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<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">gcc</code> uses <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">leaq</code> for addition -> <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">sum_store.c</code></li>
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<li>Writing our own assembly code (<code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">arith.s</code>) using arithmetic
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instructions of x86-64 assembly language</li>
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<li><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">makefile</code>
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<ul>
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<li>when we compile our own *.s files with *.c files</li>
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<li>when we compile only *.c files</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>How would <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">gcc</code> compile our <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">arith.c</code> into <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">arith.s</code>?</li>
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</ol>
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<h2 id="summary-1">Summary</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Demo
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<ul>
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<li>Observation: C compiler will figure out different instruction combinations to carry out the computations in our C code</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="next-lecture">Next lecture</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Introduction
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<ul>
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<li>C program -> assembly code -> machine level code</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Assembly language basics: data, move operation
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<ul>
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<li>Memory addressing modes</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Operation leaq and Arithmetic & logical operations</li>
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<li>Conditional Statement – Condition Code + cmov*</li>
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<li>Loops</li>
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<li>Function call – Stack</li>
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<li>Array</li>
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<li>Buffer Overflow</li>
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<li>Floating-point operations</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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