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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<title> | tait.tech</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/style.css" id="main-stylesheet">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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</head>
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<body>
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<main>
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<div id="wrapper">
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<h2 id="cmpt-295---unit---machine-level-programming">CMPT 295 - Unit - Machine-Level Programming</h2>
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<p>Lecture 20:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Assembly language</li>
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<li>Array</li>
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<li>1D</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="last-lecture---x86-64-register-saving-convention">Last Lecture - x86-64 “register saving” convention</h2>
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<p>callee saved registers:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Callee must save & restore</li>
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</ul>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Register</th>
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<th>Note</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>%rbx</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r12</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r13</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r14</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r15</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rbp</td>
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<td>parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rsp</td>
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<td>return value</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>caller saved registers:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Caller must save & restore</li>
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<li>Can be modified by callee</li>
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</ul>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Register</th>
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<th>Note</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>%rax</td>
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<td>Return value</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rdi</td>
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<td>Parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rsi</td>
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<td>Parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rdx</td>
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<td>Parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rcx</td>
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<td>Parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r8</td>
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<td>Parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r9</td>
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<td>Parameters/arguments</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r10</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%r11</td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2 id="last-lecture---x86-64-conventions-and-stack-frame">Last Lecture - x86-64 conventions and stack frame</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>caller preserves caller saved registers (<a href="#caller">arrow</a>)</li>
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<li>caller passes arguments (<a href="#args">arrow</a>)</li>
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<li>caller calls callee (<a href="#ret">arrow</a>)</li>
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<li>callee preserves callee saved registers (<a href="#callee">arrow</a>)</li>
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<li>callee constructs local vars (get stack space) (<a href="$vars">arrow</a>)</li>
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<li>callee performs function</li>
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<li>callee recycles local vars (restore stack space)</li>
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<li>callee restores callee saved registers</li>
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<li>callee returns to caller</li>
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<li>caller pops arguments</li>
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<li>caller restores caller saved registers</li>
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</ul>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>M[] Stack</th>
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<th>Note</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>…</td>
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<td>caller frame</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span id="caller">caller saved regs</span></td>
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<td>caller frame</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span id="args">args 7 … n</span></td>
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<td>caller frame</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span id="ret">return address</span></td>
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<td>caller frame</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span id="callee">callee saved regs</span></td>
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<td>callee frame</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span id="vars">%rsp/Top/local vars</span></td>
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<td>callee frame</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2 id="recursion-in-x86-64">Recursion in x86-64</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Handled without special instruction (We already know how to implement recursive functions in x86-64 assembly language)
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<ol>
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<li>Call / return mechanism still follow the stack pattern.
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* If P (first invocation of P) calls itself (second invocation of P), then the second invocation of P must terminate before the first invocation of P can do so.</li>
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<li>Each invocation of the recursive function has its own stack frame.
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* Saved registers & local variables
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* Argument 7..n (if any)
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* Saved return address
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<ul>
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<li>Function call conventions still required and implemented
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<ul>
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<li>Passing arguments and returning return value.</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Regular saving conventions still required and implemented
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<ul>
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<li>Prevent one function from corrupting antoher’s data (stored in registers)</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ol>
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</li>
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<li>Also works for mutual recursion
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<ul>
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<li>P calls Q then Q calls P</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Label</th>
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<th>M[] Stack</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td>Stack frame of 1st invocation of P</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td>Stack frame of 2nd invocation of P</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>top</td>
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<td>Stack frmae of 3rd invocation of P</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--countonesr">Recursive Function – countOnesR(…)</h2>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0){
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return 0;
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} else {
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1);
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}
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>What does this function do?</p>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example--base-case">Recursive Function – Example – Base Case</h2>
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<p>C program:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0) //highlighted
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return 0; //highlighted
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else
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1);
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Assembly:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax #highlighted
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testq %rdi, %rdi #highlighted
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je done #highlighted
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pushq %rbx
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movq %rdi, %rbx
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andl $1, %ebx
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shrq %rdi
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call countOnesR
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addq %rbx, %rax
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popq %rbx
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done: #highlighted
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ret #highlighted
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example---saving-registers">Recursive Function – Example - Saving registers</h2>
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<p>C code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0)
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return 0;
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else
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1);
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Assembly:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax
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testq %rdi, %rdi
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je done
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pushq %rbx #highlighted
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movq %rdi, %rbx
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andl $1, %ebx
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shrq %rdi
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call countOnesR
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addq %rbx, %rax
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popq %rbx #highlighted
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done:
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ret
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example---call-setup">Recursive Function – Example - Call Setup</h2>
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<p>C code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0)
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return 0;
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else
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1); // between the parenthasies are highlighted
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Assembly code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax
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testq %rdi, %rdi
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je done
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pushq %rbx
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movq %rdi, %rbx #highlighted
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andl $1, %ebx #highlighted
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shrq %rdi #highlighted
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call countOnesR
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addq %rbx, %rax
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popq %rbx
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done:
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ret
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example--recursive-call">Recursive Function – Example – Recursive Call</h2>
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<p>C code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0)
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return 0;
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else
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1);// countOnesR(x >> 1) is highlighted
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Assembly:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax
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testq %rdi, %rdi
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je done
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pushq %rbx
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movq %rdi, %rbx
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andl $1, %ebx
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shrq %rdi
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call countOnesR
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addq %rbx, %rax
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popq %rbx
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done:
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ret
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example--result">Recursive Function – Example – Result</h2>
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<p>C code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0)
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return 0;
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else
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1); // + is highlighted
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Assembly:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax
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testq %rdi, %rdi
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je done
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pushq %rbx
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movq %rdi, %rbx
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andl $1, %ebx
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shrq %rdi
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call countOnesR
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addq %rbx, %rax #highlighted
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popq %rbx
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done:
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ret
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example--clean-up-and-return">Recursive Function – Example – Clean-up and return</h2>
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<p>C code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>/* Recursive counter of 1’s */
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long countOnesR(unsigned long x) {
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if (x == 0)
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return 0;
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else
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return (x & 1) + countOnesR(x >> 1);
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Assembly:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax
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testq %rdi, %rdi
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je done
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pushq %rbx
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movq %rdi, %rbx
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andl $1, %ebx
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shrq %rdi
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call countOnesR
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addq %rbx, %rax
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popq %rbx
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done:
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ret
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<h2 id="recursive-function--example--test-cases">Recursive Function – Example – Test Cases</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Test Case 1
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<ul>
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<li>Input: x = 0</li>
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<li>Expected result: 0</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Test Case 2
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<ul>
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<li>Input: x = 7</li>
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<li>Expected result: 3</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>countOnesR:
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xorl %eax, %eax
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testq %rdi, %rdi
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je done
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pushq %rbx
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movq %rdi, %rbx
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andl $1, %ebx
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shrq %rdi
|
|
|
call countOnesR
|
|
|
addq %rbx, %rax
|
|
|
popq %rbx
|
|
|
done:
|
|
|
ret
|
|
|
</code></pre></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>base + displacement</th>
|
|
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<th>Stack Variable</th>
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</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
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|
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
|
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
|
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<td> </td>
|
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td> </td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
|
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<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Register table:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>Register</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="1d-array--in-c">1D Array – in C</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>In C, arrays are also pointers!</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Diagram of: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">int x[5];</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>Address/Variable</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+1</td>
|
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+2</td>
|
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+3</td>
|
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+4</td>
|
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+5</td>
|
|
|
<td>end of array</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>I want…</th>
|
|
|
<th>Type</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value of result</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x[4]</td>
|
|
|
<td>int</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+1</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>&x[2]</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x[5]</td>
|
|
|
<td>int</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>*(x+1)</td>
|
|
|
<td>int</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+i</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="1d-array--in-c-and-in-x86-64">1D Array – in C and in x86-64</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>T A[n];</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>… is an array of data type T and length n => in C</li>
|
|
|
<li>… is a contiguously allocated region of n * L bytes in memory where L = sizeof(T) => in x86-64</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="char-x12">char x[12];</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>Name/Address</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+?</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="int-x5">int x[5];</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>Name/Address</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+?</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="long-x3">long x[3];</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>Name/Address</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+?</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="char-x3">char *x[3];</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>Name/Address</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+?</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>We access arrays differently in x86-64 than in C!</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="accessing-1d-array--in-x86-64">Accessing 1D Array – in x86-64</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Use index arithmatic to compute memory address of each array element
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Memory address of <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>i</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>L</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A[i] = A+i \times L</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2777777777777778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.76666em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.74285em;vertical-align:-0.08333em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222222222222222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.68333em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">L</span></span></span></span>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>where A is base memory address
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>i.e., A memory address of array element 0</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Can access other array elements by incrementing A by i*L</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="1d-array--in-x86-64">1D Array – in x86-64</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">int x[5];</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>Name/Address</td>
|
|
|
<td>Value</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+4</td>
|
|
|
<td>5</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+8</td>
|
|
|
<td>2</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+12</td>
|
|
|
<td>1</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+16</td>
|
|
|
<td>3</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+20</td>
|
|
|
<td>end of array</td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<table>
|
|
|
<thead>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<th>I want…</th>
|
|
|
<th>Type</th>
|
|
|
<th>Value of result (x86-64 instruction)</th>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</thead>
|
|
|
<tbody>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x[4]</td>
|
|
|
<td>int</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+1</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>&x[2]</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x[5]</td>
|
|
|
<td>int</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>*(x+1)</td>
|
|
|
<td>int</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
<tr>
|
|
|
<td>x+i</td>
|
|
|
<td>int *</td>
|
|
|
<td> </td>
|
|
|
</tr>
|
|
|
</tbody>
|
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="manipulating-1d-array--example---mainc">Manipulating 1D array – Example - main.c</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>This program defines 4 arrays:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>an array of char’s,</li>
|
|
|
<li>an array of short’s,</li>
|
|
|
<li>an array of int’s,</li>
|
|
|
<li>an array of long’s</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>then it calls the appropriate sum function, i.e., the one
|
|
|
that sums elements of the correct data type.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>#include <stdio.h>
|
|
|
#include <stdlib.h>
|
|
|
|
|
|
char sumChar(char*,int);
|
|
|
short sumShort(short*,int);
|
|
|
int sumInt(int*,int);
|
|
|
long sumLong(long*,int);
|
|
|
|
|
|
#define N 6
|
|
|
|
|
|
char AC[N] = {-58,22,101,-15,72,27}; // Expected results: sum = -107
|
|
|
short AS[N] = {-58,22,101,-15,72,27}; // Expected results: sum = 149
|
|
|
int AI[N] = {258,522,1010,-15,-3372,27};// Expected results: -1570
|
|
|
long AL[N] = {258,522,1010,-15,-3370,27}; // Expected results: -1570
|
|
|
|
|
|
int main(){
|
|
|
printf("The total of AC is %hhi.\n", sumChar(AC, N));
|
|
|
printf("The total of AS is %hi.\n", sumShort(AS, N));
|
|
|
printf("The total of AI is %d.\n", sumInt(AI, N));
|
|
|
printf("The total of AL is %ld.\n", sumLong(AL, N));
|
|
|
return;
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
</code></pre></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="manipulating-1d-array--example---sumss---part-1">Manipulating 1D array – Example - sums.s - Part 1</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Register %rdi contains starting address of array (base address of array)</li>
|
|
|
<li>Register %esi contains size of array (N)</li>
|
|
|
<li>Register %ecx contains array index</li>
|
|
|
<li>Register %al or %ax contains the running sum</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>sumChar assembly:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> .global sumChar
|
|
|
sumChar:
|
|
|
movl $0,%eax
|
|
|
movl $0,%ecx
|
|
|
loopChar:
|
|
|
cmpl %ecx,%esi
|
|
|
jle endloop1
|
|
|
addb (%rdi,%rcx,1),%al
|
|
|
incl %ecx
|
|
|
jmp loopChar
|
|
|
endloop1:
|
|
|
ret
|
|
|
</code></pre></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>sumShort assembly:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> .global sumShort
|
|
|
sumShort:
|
|
|
xorl %eax,%eax
|
|
|
xorl %ecx,%ecx
|
|
|
jmp condl
|
|
|
loopShort:
|
|
|
addw (%rdi,%rcx,2), %ax
|
|
|
incl %ecx
|
|
|
condl:
|
|
|
cmpl %esi,%ecx
|
|
|
jne loopShort
|
|
|
ret
|
|
|
</code></pre></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="manipulating-1d-array--example---sumss---part-2">Manipulating 1D array – Example - sums.s - Part 2</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>Register %rdi contains starting address of array (base address of array)</p>
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Register %esi contains size of array (N)</li>
|
|
|
<li>Register %ecx contains array index</li>
|
|
|
<li>Register %eax or %rax contains the running sum</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>sumInt assembly:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> .global sumint
|
|
|
sumInt:
|
|
|
xorl %eax,%eax
|
|
|
xorl %ecx,%ecx
|
|
|
jmp cond2
|
|
|
loopInt:
|
|
|
addl (%rdi,%rcx,4),%eax
|
|
|
incl %ecx
|
|
|
cond2:
|
|
|
jmpl %esi,%ecx
|
|
|
jne loopInt
|
|
|
ret
|
|
|
</code></pre></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>sumLong in assembly:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code> .global sumLong
|
|
|
sumLong:
|
|
|
movq $0,%rax
|
|
|
movl $0,%ecx
|
|
|
loopLoop:
|
|
|
cmpl %ecx,%esi,
|
|
|
jle endloop
|
|
|
addq (%rdi,%rcx,8),%rax
|
|
|
incl %ecx
|
|
|
jmp loopLoop
|
|
|
endloop:
|
|
|
ret
|
|
|
</code></pre></div></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="warning">Warning!</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Forgetting that the memory addresses of contiguous array
|
|
|
cells differ by the size of the content of these cells instead of
|
|
|
by 1 is a common mistake in assembly language
|
|
|
programming</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Arrays
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Elements packed into contiguous region of memory</li>
|
|
|
<li>Use index arithmetic to locate individual elements</li>
|
|
|
<li>1D array: address of A[i] = A + i * L</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="next-lecture">Next Lecture</h2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Introduction
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>C program -> assembly code -> machine level code</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>Assembly language basics: data, move operation</li>
|
|
|
<li>Memory addressing modes</li>
|
|
|
<li>Operation leaq and Arithmetic & logical operations</li>
|
|
|
<li>Conditional Statement – Condition Code + cmovX</li>
|
|
|
<li>Loops</li>
|
|
|
<li>Function call – Stack
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
|
<li>Overview of Function Call</li>
|
|
|
<li>Memory Layout and Stack - x86-64 instructions and registers</li>
|
|
|
<li>Passing control</li>
|
|
|
<li>Passing data – Calling Conventions</li>
|
|
|
<li>Managing local data</li>
|
|
|
<li>Recursion</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
<li>(highlighted) Array</li>
|
|
|
<li>Buffer Overflow</li>
|
|
|
<li>Floating-point operations</li>
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<footer>
|
|
|
</footer>
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
</main>
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
</html>
|
