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<h1 id="cmpt-295">CMPT 295</h1>
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<ul>
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<li>Unit - Machine-Level Programming</li>
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<li>Lecture 15
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<ul>
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<li>Assembly language</li>
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<li>Program Control</li>
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<li>Function Call and Stack</li>
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<li>Passing Control – cont’d</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="happy-lunar-new-year">Happy Lunar New Year!</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><span lang="zh">新年快乐 / 新年快樂</span> – Xīnnián kuàile</li>
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<li><span lang="vi">Cung Chúc Tân Xuân</span></li>
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<li>Chúc Mừng Năm Mới</li>
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<li><span lang="ko">새해 복 많이 받으세요</span> – saehae bog manh-i bad-euseyo</li>
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<li><span lang="zh">过年好 / 過年好</span> – Guò nián hǎo</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="homework">Homework</h2>
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<p>Memory Allocation Example</p>
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<p>Where does everything go?</p>
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<p>Code:</p>
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<div class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>#include ... //shared libraries
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char hugeArray[1 << 31]; /* 231 = 2GB */// data
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int global = 0; // data
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int useless(){ return 0; } // text
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int main ()
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{
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void *ptr1, *ptr2; //stack
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int local = 0; //stack
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ptr1 = malloc(1 << 28); /* 228 = 256 MB*/ //heap
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ptr2 = malloc(1 << 8); /* 28 = 256 B*///heap
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/* Some print statements ... */
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}
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</code></pre></div></div>
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<p>Stack in list form:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Stack (down arrow)</li>
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<li>…</li>
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<li>Shared libraries</li>
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<li>…</li>
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<li>heap (up arrow)</li>
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<li>data</li>
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<li>Text</li>
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<li>…</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="why-8">Why 8?</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>pushq src
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<ul>
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<li>Fetch value of operand src</li>
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<li>Decrement %rsp by 8</li>
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<li>Write value at address given by %rsp</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>popq dest
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<ul>
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<li>Read value at %rsp (address) and
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store it in operand dest (must be register)</li>
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<li>Increment %rsp by 8</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>1) %rsp contains the memory address 0x0018</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Register</th>
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<th>Memory Address</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>%rsp</td>
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<td>0x0018</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td>0x0010</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td>0x0008</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>2) %rsp contains the memory address ____</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Register</th>
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<th>Memory Address</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td>0x0018</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>%rsp</td>
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<td>0x0010</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td> </td>
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<td>0x0008</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2 id="last-lecture">Last Lecture</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Function call mechanisms: 1) passing control, 2) passing data, 3)
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managing local data on memory (stack)
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<ul>
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<li>Memory layout</li>
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<li>Stack (local variables …)</li>
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<li>Heap (dynamically allocated data)</li>
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<li>Data (statically allocated data)</li>
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<li>Text / Shared Libraries (program code)</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>A “stack” is the right data structure for function call / return
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<ul>
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<li>If multstore calls mult2, then mult2 returns before multstore returns</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>x86-64 stack register and instructions: stack pointer %rsp, push and pop</li>
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</ul>
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<p>(unless I’m missing something, this contains exactly the same slides as Lecture 14 here. Everything in the “example 1 steps X and Y” portion, read that for this section)</p>
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<h2 id="summary">Summary</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Function call mechanisms: 1) passing control, 2) passing data, 3) managing
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local data on memory (stack)</li>
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<li>Memory layout
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<ul>
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<li>Stack (local variables …)</li>
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<li>Heap (dynamically allocated data)</li>
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<li>Data (statically allocated data)</li>
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<li>Text / Shared Libraries (program code)</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>A “stack” is the right data structure for function call / return
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<ul>
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<li>If multstore calls mult2, then mult2 returns before multstore returns</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>x86-64 stack register and instructions: stack pointer %rsp, push and pop</li>
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<li>x86-64 function call instructions: call and ret</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="next-lecture">Next Lecture</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Introduction
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<ul>
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<li>C program -> assembly code -> machine level code</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Assembly language basics: data, move operation
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<ul>
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<li>Memory addressing modes</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Operation leaq and Arithmetic & logical operations</li>
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<li>Conditional Statement – Condition Code + cmovX</li>
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<li>Loops</li>
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<li>Function call – Stack – Recursion
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<ul>
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<li>Overview of Function Call</li>
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<li>Memory Layout and Stack - x86-64 instructions and registers</li>
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<li>Passing control</li>
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<li>(highlighted) Passing data – Calling Conventions</li>
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<li>Managing local data</li>
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<li>Recursion</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Array</li>
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<li>Buffer Overflow</li>
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<li>Floating-point operations</li>
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</ul>
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<footer>
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</footer>
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</div>
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</main>
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</body>
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</html>
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