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47 lines
2.6 KiB
47 lines
2.6 KiB
The phonological component
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The stress feature is one way of defining a syllable structure for each word.
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Stressed consonants are defined to be affiliated with the following vowel, while
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unstressed consonants are affiliated with a preceding vowel (or their affiliation
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does not matter to subsequent rules). Segmental stress is used in rules that deter-
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mine whether TT and pp are flapped, whether consonants and vowels are
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lengthened, whether voiceless plosives are strongly aspirated, and the degree of
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formant target undershoot.
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For example, consider the consonants preceding the stressed vowel in the
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words “Atlantic” and “atrocious”. In the first word, the TT is realized as a glottal
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stop (or glottalized alveolar stop). In the second word, the TT is a strongly
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aspirated full-alveolar stop. The distinction is maintained in the program by as-
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signing segmental stress to both the TT and the RrR in “atrocious” (because “tr” is
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a legal word-initial cluster), while assigning the segmental stress feature only to “1”
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in “Atlantic” (because “tl” is not a legal word-initial cluster). Given a proper for-
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mulation of the flapping rule and glottalized-t rule described below, this stress as-
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signment ensures the selection of the appropriate allophone of TT.
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8.5 Rules of segmental phonology
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There are currently very few phonological rules of a segmental nature in the
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program. A number of rules that are sometimes attributed by linguists to the
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phonological component (e.g. palatalization) are realized in the phonetic com-
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ponent described in Chapter 11 because they involve graded phenomena (e.g. the
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ss of “fish soup” is partially palatalized, but not identical to su). The segmental
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phonological rules that are described below are extremely important. They are not
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“sloppy speech” rules, but rather rules that aid the listener in hypothesizing the
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locations of word and phrase boundaries. For example, the second rule listed
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below ensures that a word-final TT is not perceived as a part of the next word by
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inserting simultaneous glottalization to inhibit oral pressure buildup during
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closure, and thus attenuate any release burst.
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1. Substitute a postvocalic velarized allophone 1x for 1L if the LL is
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preceded by a vowel and followed by anything except a stressed
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vowel in the sime word.
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2. Replace TT or DD by the alveolar flap Dx within words and across
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word boundaries (but not across phrase and clause boundaries) if the
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plosive is followed by a non-primary-stressed vowel and preceded by
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a nonnasal sonorant. Examples: “butter”, “ladder”, “sat about”.
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3. A word-final TT preceded by a sonorant is replaced by the glottal-
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