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The phonological component
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4. Words like “player” and “buyer” should be transcribed with two syll-
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ables, i.e., EY+ER and AY+ER.
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5. Syllabic consonants appear in words like “butter” BB ’AH TT ER
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(phonetically BB AH DX ER), “button” BB ‘AH TT EN, “bottle” BB
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‘AA TT EL, and “pop’em” PP ’AA PP EM.
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6. The dental flap (px), glottalized TT (TQ), and velarized LL (1X) are
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not really phonemes, but are allophones inserted in lexical forms by
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rules to be described.
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7. The pseudo-vowel axp is inserted between a plosive and a following
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pause in order to cause the plosive to be released.
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8.2.2 Lexical stress
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Each stressed vowel in the input to PHONOI is preceded by a stress symbol ( or
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"), where ‘ is primary lexical stress (reserved for vowels in open-class content
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words, only one 1-stress per word). The secondary lexical stress, ", is used in
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some content words (e.g. the first syllable of “demonstration’), in compounds (e.g.
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the second syllable of “baseball”), in the strongest syllable of polysyllabic function
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words (e.g. “until”), and for pronouns (excluding personal pronouns like “his”).
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8.2.3 Stress reduction in function words
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Content words such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and main verbs are expected to
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have one primary lexical stress in the input to PHONO1. Many (but not all)
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closed-class function words are reduced in stress in PHONOI1 so that they do not
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receive a pitch gesture associated with primary stress. For example, determiners,
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conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and personal pronouns are reduced in stress.
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Each word of an utterance to be synthesized must be immediately preceded
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by a word boundary symbol. The distinction between content and function words
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is indicated by using c: and r:. Open-class words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
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adverbs) are content words; all others are function words. Later modules use this
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information to select plausible pause locations (between a content word and a
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function word) in long phrases. ‘
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8.2.4 Syntactic structure
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Syntactic structure symbols are important determiners of sentence stress, rthythm,
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and intonation. Syntactic structure symbols appear just before the word boundary
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symbol. Only one syntactic marker can appear at a given sentence position. The
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strongest syntactic boundary symbol is always used.
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An utterance must end with either a period “.” signaling a final fall in intona-
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tion, or a question mark “)?” signaling the intonation pattern appropriate for yes-no
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