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From text to speech: The MITalk system
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and includes 55 phonetic segments, three stress markers, four types of boundary
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indicators, and five syntactic structure indicators. It will be necessary to augment
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the inventory of syntactic and semantic symbols in the future, but those listed in
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the table are all that seem to be needed for a first-order approximation to an accept-
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able prosodic pattern. An example of the use of some of these symbols to specify
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the utterance “The old man sat in a rocker” is provided in Figure 8-1.
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The old man sat in a rocker.
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SOUND1: DH ’'AH
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SOUND1: "OW LL DD
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SOUND1: MM ’'AE NN
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SOUND1l: SS 'AE TT
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SOUND1: TH NN
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SOUND1l: AX
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SOUND1l: RR 'AA KK * - ER
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SOUND1:
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SOUND1: <EOF>
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PHONOl: Function word: DH AH
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PHONOl: Content word: ‘OW LL DD
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PHONOl: Content word: MM ‘AE NN [End NOUN phrase]
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PHONOl: Content word: SS ’'AE TT
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PHONOl: Function word: IH NN
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PHONOl: Function word: AX
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PHONOl: Content word: RR ‘AA KK * - ER
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PHONOl: Punctuation:
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PHONQl: <EOF>
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PHONQOZ2: Function word: DH IY
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PHONO2: Content word: ‘OW LX DD
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PHONO2: Content word: MM ’‘AE NN [End NOUN phrase]
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PHONO2: Content word: SS ’AE DX
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PHONO2: Function word: IH NN
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PHONO2: Function word: AX
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PHONQO2: Content word: RR ‘AA KK * - ER
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PHONOZ2: Punctuation: .
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PHONO2: <EOF>
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Figure 8-1: Example of PHONO1 and PHONO?2 processing
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8.2.1 Phonemic inventory
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A traditional phonemic analysis of English is assumed, except for the special cases
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listed below:
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1. The diphthongs Ay, aw, ow, YU are considered to be single
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phonemes rather than, e.g., AY = AA+YY or AA+IY or AA+IH be-
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cause none of the two-phoneme alternatives result in particularly
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simple rules to describe durational behavior and formant trajectories.
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2. The affricates cH and JJ are considered to be single phonemes
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rather than, e.g., CH = TT+SH for the same reasons.
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3. Vowel+RR syllabic nuclei are treated internally as the special vowel
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nuclei IxR (“beer”), ExR (“bear”), axr (“bar”), oxr (“boar”), and
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UXR (“pure”).
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